Читать книгу: «A History of North American Birds, Land Birds. Volume 3», страница 50

H. The Outer Covering (Indumentum)

142. Outer covering (Indumentum; Ptilosis). The exterior of the bird in detail.

143. Feathers (Plumæ). Composed of the stem and the webs.

144. Stem (Scapus). The entire central axis of the feather.

145. Quill (Calamus). The hollow horny basal portion of the feather.

146. Shaft (Rhachis). The solid terminal portion of the stem in which the fibres are implanted.

147. Webs (Pogonia). The series of fibres implanted on each side the shaft, generally stiff, and having little

148. Hooks or barbules along the edges, by which adjacent ones interlock; sometimes soft, with the barbules not interlocking, the barbules sometimes wanting. The

149. Inner web (Pogonium internum) is situated on the inner side of the shaft; the

150. Outer (externum), on the outer side.

151. Vane (Vexillum). The shaft and webs taken together, or the portion of the feather left when the barrel or quill is cut away.

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ORNITHOLOGY

Including a number of prominent Anatomical and Physiological Terms

(Prepared by Dr. Coues.)

Note.—The number in parenthesis refers to the foregoing “Explanation of Terms,” etc. The sign (´) marks accent; n., noun; a., adjective; pl., plural; gen., genitive.

A

Abdo´men or Ab´domen, n. Belly; part of gastræum between sternum and anus. (63.)

Abdom´inal, a. Pertaining to the belly.

Abduc´tion, n. Act of carrying a limb away from the axis of the body. Opposed to adduction. Muscles so acting are abductors.

Aber´rant, a. Deviating from ordinary character.

Abnor´mal, a. Of highly unusual, extraordinary character; deformed; monstrous.

Abor´tive, a. Suppressed; remaining or becoming imperfect. The nostrils of the cormorant are abortive.

Acar´ides, n. pl. Certain external parasites.

Accip´itrine, a. Hawk-like; belonging to Accipitres.

Acclimatiza´tion, n. Naturalization, with reference to the effect of a new country upon the economy.

Acetab´ulum, n. Pelvic cavity for reception of head of femur.

Achil´lis (tendo), n. Tendon of principal extensor muscle of foot.

Acic´ular, a. Needle-shaped; sharp and very slender.

Acrodac´tylum, n. Top of toes collectively. (117.) (Little used.)

Acro´mion, n. Process of the scapula.

Acropo´dium, n. Entire upper surface of foot. (113.) (Little used.)

Acrotar´sium, n. Front of tarsus, corresponding to the human instep. (104.) (Little used).

Acu´minate, a. Tapering gradually to a point.

Acute´, a. Sharp-pointed.

Ad- (in composition). To; towards.

Adduc´tion, n. Act of drawing a limb toward axis of body. Muscles so acting are adductors. Compare Abduction.

Ad´enoid, a. Glandular; glandiform.

Ad´ipose (tissue), a. for n. Cellular tissue holding fat in special vesicles.

Adoles´cence, n. Youth.

Adre´nal (body), a. for n. A small organ capping the kidney.

Adult´, a. or n. Grown to full size; mature.

Ægithognath´ous, a. Having the palate bones disposed as in a sparrow or other passerine bird.

Af´ferent, a. Bringing to or towards. Opposed to efferent.

Affined´, a. Joined or related by affinity.

Affin´ity, n. Quality of direct relation; conformity; agreement. Morphological affinity implies relationship by genetic descent; teleological affinity cannot be properly predicated.

Af´ter-shaft, n. Scape or stem of the supplementary plume springing from many feathers, or, oftener, such plume itself.

Al´a, n.; pl. alæ. Wing; the anterior limb of birds. (73.)

A´lar, a. Pertaining to the wings.

Alat´us, a. Winged.

Al´binism, n. State of whiteness, complete or partial, resulting from deficiency or entire lack of pigment in the skin and its appendages.

Albi´no, n. An animal affected with albinism.

Albinot´ic, a. Affected with albinism.

Albu´men, n. Transparent glairy fluid of which white of egg mainly consists.

Albu´minous, a. Containing or consisting of albumen.

Alimen´tary, a. Pertaining to the digestive organs or nutritive function.

Alisphe´noid, n. “Wing,” or expanded part of sphenoid bone.

Allanto´is, n. A certain organ of the embryo.

Al´lex, n. Same as Hallux (which see).

Al´trices, n. pl. Birds reared in the nest and fed by the parents.

Altric´ial, a. Having the nature of Altrices.

Al´ula, n. Literally, little wing. The bastard wing, composed of the feathers that are set on the so-called thumb.

Al´ular, a. Pertaining to the bastard wing.

Alve´olus, n. Socket, particularly of a tooth.

Al´vine, a. Pertaining to the lower belly (said chiefly of intestinal discharges).

Am´bulatory, a. Same as Gradient (which see).

Am´nion, n. A certain organ of the embryo.

Amo´tus, a. Denoting the hind toe so elevated and short that the tip does not touch the ground. (132.)

Amphiarthro´dial, a. Denoting a sliding joint, or one capable of mixed movement.

Amphicœl´ian, a. Said of a vertebra when both ends of its centrum are cupped. Corresponding terms are procœlian, cupped in front, and opisthocœlian, cupped behind.

Ampul´la, n. A certain cavity of the inner ear.

A´nal, a. Pertaining to the anus; situated about the anus.

Analog´ical, a. Having analogy; related by analogy.

Anal´ogy, n. Quality of likeness in certain (generally superficial or inconsiderable) respects, between things essentially unlike. There may be analogy entirely without homology, as between the wing of a bird and of a butterfly.

Anastomo´sis, n. Inosculation or intercommunication of two or more vessels.

An´atine, a. Duck-like.

Anchylo´sis or Ankylo´sis, n. Restriction or loss of motion in a naturally movable joint; also, any coössification.

An´conal, a. Pertaining to the elbow.

Angle of Chin = Angulus Menti. (23.)

Angle of Mouth = Angulus Oris. (27.)

An´gulus O´ris, n. Corner of the mouth; equivalent to commissural point.

An´notine, n. A bird one year old, or which has once moulted.

An´nular, a. Ringed.

An´nulus, n. Ring.

Anom´alous, a. Extremely irregular; very strange or unusual; contrary to natural order (nearly synonymous with abnormal).

An´serine, a. Pertaining to the Anseres; goose-like.

An´te- (in composition). Before; as, anteocular, anteorbital, etc.

Anterior, a. Forward; in front of.

Anterior Portion. (7.) See Stethiæum.

Anterior Toes. (124.)

An´ti- (in composition). Against.

An´tiæ, n. pl. Frontal points; projections of feathers on either side of base of culmen. (36.)

Antibrach´ium, n. Cubit or forearm.

A´nus, n. Outlet of refuse of digestion. In birds, the same orifice discharges the products of the genito-urinary organs.

Aor´ta, n. The first great artery, immediately issuing from the left ventricle of the heart.

Aor´tic, a. Pertaining to the aorta.

Apertu´ra, n. An opening; as, apertura auris, ear-opening.

A´pex, n.; pl. apices. Tip or point of anything.

Apohy´al, a. A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.

Aponeuro´sis, n. Broad, strong, fibrous membrane or band; fascia.

Apoph´ysis, n. Any natural bony prominence of notable size.

Apposed´, a. Mutually fitted, adapted; set over against; meeting closely and exactly. The tomia of the bill are usually apposed.

Apte´rium, n.; pl. apteria. Tract of skin where no feathers grow. Compare Pteryla.

Aquat´ic, a. Pertaining to the water; said of birds frequenting water, and thence drawing subsistence.

A´queous, a. Watery. Said of the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. See Vitreous.

Aq´uiline, a. Eagle-like; belonging to the Aquilinæ.

Arach´noid, n. One of the three enveloping membranes of the brain, between the dura mater and the pia mater.

Arbor´icole, a. Tree-inhabiting.

Arch´etype, n. Original plan or idea of structure, modified or lost by subsequent specialization.

Archetyp´ical, a. Having the primitive pattern or original plan of structure.

Arc´uate, a. Bow-shaped; bent regularly and gradually.

Are´ola, n.; pl. areolæ. Small naked space on the feet between scales.

Are´olar Tissue. The light cellular connective tissue of the body.

Armil´la, n. Ring of color, like a bracelet, around lower end of crus.

Arm´pit, n. (78.) See Axilla.

Arte´rial, a. Pertaining to arteries; as, arterial system, arterial blood.

Ar´tery, n. Vessel conveying blood from the heart.

Articula´tion, n. A joining together; joint.

Artic´ulus, n. Joint of a finger or toe (commonly used to signify the hinge itself, but better to designate any one of the segments joined by articulation).

Artifi´cial, a. Elaborate; skilfully or artfully contrived. Some birds build highly artificial nests. Also, arbitrary; as, an artificial classification, more or less at variance with that which a natural system may be.

Ar´tus, n.; pl. artus. Any member, limb.

Aryt´enoid, a. Denoting certain ossicles of the larynx.

Ascar´ides, n. pl. Certain intestinal parasites.

Ash or Ash´y, a. Pale gray.

Aster´nal (ribs), a. Denoting “floating” ribs; those not joining the sternum.

Astrag´alus, n. One of two proximal tarsal bones of birds, early confluent with the tibia.

Asymmet´rical, a. Uneven; disproportionate as to opposite, as right and left, parts.

Asym´metry, n. Disproportion of duplicate parts or organs, or of those which are repeated on opposite sides of a plane or axis.

At´avism, n. Reversion, or tendency to revert, to characters of ancestral stock.

At´las, n. First cervical vertebra, articulating with the occipital bone.

Atres´ia, n. Closure.

At´rophy, n. See Hypertrophy.

Atten´uate, a. Growing gradually slenderer toward an extremity; or, narrowly produced for a long distance; in neither case necessarily sharp-pointed, which would be rather acuminate.

Attyp´ical, a. Of particular character acquired in specialization from a common type.

Auche´nium, n. Lower back part of neck; the scruff. (50.) (Little used.)

Au´ral or Auric´ular, a. Pertaining to the ear.

Au´ricle, n. The external ear; wanting or imperfect in birds. Also, cavity (right and left) of the heart receiving blood from the system and lungs; also called atrium.

Auric´ulars, n. pl. Peculiar feathers overlying the ear-opening.

Autoch´thonous, a. Indigenous.

Autog´enous, a. Literally, self-producing. In homology, developing from distinct and independent centres. Opposed to exogenous.

Au´topsy, n. Personal observation or examination.

Autop´tical, a. Personally inspected.

Autum´nal Plum´age. That ensuing from the first moult, if any, or prior to the spring moult, from which it is different in many birds.

A´viary, n. Place where birds are kept captive.

Avic´ula, n. Little bird; hence, nestling, fledgling, or any ungrown bird.

Avicul´ture, n. Care of birds.

A´vis, n.; pl. aves. Bird.

Axil´la, n. Armpit; hollow beneath the shoulder. (78.)

Ax´illar or Ax´illary, a. Pertaining to the armpit.

Ax´illaries, n. pl. Lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers growing from the axillary region. (81.)

Ax´is, n. Second cervical vertebra. Also, an imaginary line passing along the middle of any one of the three mutually perpendicular planes of the body, the longitudinal, vertical, and transverse. Also, a pivot.

A´zygos, a. Single, in the sense of not paired.

B

Back, n. Upper surface of body proper, corresponding to dorsal and sacral vertebræ. Includes Interscapilium and Tergum (which see). (57.)

Back of Neck. Cervical region. Includes Nucha and Cervix (which see). Equivalent to hind-neck. (48.)

Back of Tar´sus. Hinder edge and hinder half, on each side, of tarsus. See Planta. Homologically the sole. (106.)

Band or Bar. Any crosswise color-mark, transverse to long axis of the body.

Band´ed or Barred, a. Marked crosswise.

Barb, n. Any one of the laminæ composing the vane of a feather.

Bar´ba, n. Beard. Lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers of chin or throat.

Barbat´us, a. Bearded.

Bar´bicel, n. Barb of a barbule, not hooked. Compare Hamulus.

Bar´bule, n. Barb of a barb. (148.)

Ba´sal, a. Pertaining to the base; situate at the base.

Base, Ba´sis, n. Bottom; root; origin.

Basihy´oid, n. Central tongue-bone.

Basioccip´ital, n. Basal element of the occipital bone; centrum of hindermost cranial vertebra.

Basipter´ygoid, n. A boss or protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone, often movably abutting against the pterygoid bone.

Basisphe´noid, n. Basal element of sphenoid bone; centrum of second cranial vertebra.

Beak, n. Bill. See Rostrum. (9.)

Bel´ly, n. See Abdomen. (65.)

Belt, n. Bar or band of color more or less completely encircling the body.

Bend of Wing. Angle or prominence formed at carpus in the folded wing.

Bev´elled, a. Having two plane surfaces meeting obliquely.

Bev´y, n. Flock of quail.

Bi- (in composition). Twice; double.

Bibliog´raphy, n. History or other account of the literature of the subject.

Bi´ceps, n. Principal flexor muscle of forearm.

Bi´nary, a. Double, in sense of compounded of two.

Bino´mial, a. Of two terms. Also, noting a system of nomenclature in which each object has two names, generic and specific. This is the generally adopted system at present.

Biol´ogy, n. The study of living beings, as to the laws and results of organization. It is more comprehensive than physiology.

Biotax´y, n. Equivalent to taxonomy.

Biven´ter, n. Name of a double-bellied muscle of the neck.

Blas´toderm, n. Superficies of the early embryo.

Boat-shaped (tail), a. Having plane of each side of tail meeting the other obliquely, making a re-entrance above and keel below.

Boot, n. The tarsal envelope when entire.

Boot´ed (tarsus), a. Having the tarsal envelope entire, i.e. undivided in most or all of its extent, by fusion of the usual scales or plates. (111.)

Bo´real, a. Northern.

Boss, n. Stud; knob; protuberance; short stout process.

Brach´ial, a. Pertaining to the wing.

Brachyp´terous, a. Short-winged.

Brachyu´rous, a. Short-tailed.

Breast, n. (62.) See Pectus.

Bris´tle, n. Small stiff hair-like feather, especially about the mouth or eyes. Compare Vibrissa.

Bron´chial, a. Pertaining to the bronchi.

Bron´chus, n.; pl. bronchi. Fork or branch of the windpipe below, leading to either lung.

Buc´cal, a. Pertaining to the cheeks internally.

Buff, Buffy; a. Pale brownish-yellow; color of yellow buckskin.

C

Cadu´cous, a. Falling off early.

Cæ´cal, a. Pertaining to the cæca.

Cæ´cum, n.; pl. cæca. (Pronounced see´cum.) Intestinal cul-de-sac at junction of smaller and larger intestines, usually present paired in birds; sometimes a foot long. (Also written cœcum, cœca.)

Cal´amus, n. Quill; the dry, hard, horny portion of the stem of a feather below the web, hollow or partly pithy, and translucent. Calamus + rhachis = scapus. (145.)

Calca´neal, a. Pertaining to the back upper portion of the tarso-metatarsus (tarsus of ordinary language).

Calca´neum, n. Heel; back upper part of tarso-metatarsus. Same as talus. (107.) One of the tibial condyles is by some regarded as the homologue of the calcaneum.

Cal´car, n. Spur; sharp horn-covered bone-cored process on the shank of many birds; also, similar horny process on the metacarpal bone.

Calcarat´us, a. Spurred.

Calca´reous, a. Chalky. A cormorant’s egg is covered with calcareous substance.

Calcif´ic, a. Calcifying; an epithet of that portion of the oviduct where the egg-shell is formed.

Calig´ula, n. Same as Boot (which see).

Cal´lus, n. New bony matter joining a fracture.

Calypte´ria, n. pl. Tail-coverts; the smaller feathers underlying or overlying the base of the tail. (Little used.) See Crissum and Tectrices Caudæ. (71.)

Ca´lyx, n. Pedicellated ovarian capsule of two membranes with lax tissue and vessels, rupturing at a point called the stigma to discharge the ovum, then collapsing and becoming absorbed.

Campte´rium, n. Front and outer border of wing as far as the bone extends. (Little used.) (95.)

Canalic´ulum, n. Little groove.

Can´cellated, a. Denoting bony network.

Can´thus, n.; pl. canthi. Corner of eye where the lids meet; commissural point of eyelids. Canthi are anterior and posterior.

Cap, n. Pileus (which see). (30.)

Cap´illary, a. or n. Of hair-like slenderness. The smallest bloodvessels are the capillaries.

Capis´trate, a. Hooded or cowled.

Capis´trum, n. Hood or cowl; front of head all around bill. (38.)

Cap´itate, a. Said of a feather having enlarged extremity.

Capit´ulum, n. Head of a rib.

Cap´sular, a. Denoting certain ligaments that completely invest a joint.

Ca´put, n.; gen. capitis, pl. capita. Head. (9, 29.)

Car´diac, a. Pertaining to the heart.

Cari´na, n. Keel; under ridge, as if a keel.

Car´inate, a. Keeled; ridged beneath as if keeled; having a keel, as the sternum of most birds.

Car´inate (birds), n. Those possessing a keeled sternum; the group Carinatæ as contrasted with Ratitæ.

Car´neous, a. Fleshy.

Carniv´orous, a. Flesh-eating.

Carot´id (artery), a. for n. The principal bloodvessel of the neck, single in most birds, sometimes paired as in mammalia.

Car´pal, a. Pertaining to the wrist.

Car´pal An´gle, n. Prominence formed at the wrist-joint when the wing is closed. It is practically an important point regionally, since the universally used measurement, “length of wing,” is from this point to the end of the longest quill.

Car´pus, n. The wrist; especially its bones.

Car´tilage, n. A whitish, hard, and solid, but elastic, flexible, and soluble, substance of the body, permanent, or becoming osseous by deposition of bone-earth. It occurs in the windpipe, in many joints, and elsewhere.

Cartilag´inous, a. Like, containing, or consisting of, cartilage.

Car´uncle, n. Small fleshy excrescence, particularly about the head, usually naked, and wrinkled, warty, or brightly colored.

Carun´culate, a. Having caruncles.

Cau´da, n. The tail. (69.) In descriptive ornithology, generally only the tail-feathers are meant. Cauda navicularis = Boat-shaped Tail (which see).

Cau´dad. Backwards; toward the tail.

Cau´dal, a. Pertaining to the tail; as, caudal vertebræ, or caudal extremity; but we hardly say caudal feathers.

Cell, n. Any closed sac containing fluid or other substance.

Cel´lular, a. Having cells; composed of cells.

Cen´tre of Grav´ity, n. Point of a body about which the whole is balanced, and which, if supported, supports the whole. In a flying bird the centre of gravity is below the middle of the body, so that the bird is naturally ballasted.

Cen´trum, n.; pl. centra. Body of a vertebra.

Ceph´alad. Forwards; towards the head.

Cephal´ic, a. Pertaining to the head.

Cephalo-cer´cal (axis), a. Denoting the long axis of the body.

Ce´ra, Cere, Cero´ma, n. Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous, often feathered, covering of base of bill of many birds, as parrots, hawks, and owls; differing thus in texture from the rest of the rhamphotheca, and usually also showing an evident line of demarcation. When present, the nostrils are always pierced in its substance,—at least at its edge.

Ceratohy´al, n. A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.

Cer´cal, a. Pertaining to the tail. (Little used.)

Cerebel´lar, a. Pertaining to the cerebellum.

Cerebel´lum, n. Little brain; the hinder, lower, smaller mass of the brain, in birds striate transversely.

Cer´ebral, a. Pertaining to the brain.

Cer´ebro-spinal (axis or column). The whole neural axis, or column of nerve-substance enclosed in the spinal canal and cranium.

Cer´ebrum, n. Brain proper, or larger brain, as distinguished from the cerebellum.

Ceru´men, n. Ear-wax.

Cer´vical, a. Pertaining to the hind-neck; as, a cervical collar. Also, pertaining to the whole neck; as, cervical vertebræ.

Cer´vix, n. Hind-neck; from occiput to interscapulium, including nape and scruff. (48.)

Chalaz´æ, n. pl. Twisted filaments of condensed albumen forming a thread at each pole of the yolk, steadying it by attachment to the lining membrane of the egg, and balancing it in such manner that the “tread” stays uppermost.

Chalazif´erous, a. Denoting the layers of condensed albumen which form the chalazæ.

Char´acter, n. Any material attribute susceptible of definition for use in description and classification. Also, a sum of such attributes; as, of passerine character.

Chas´ma, n. Decussation of the optic nerve.

Cheek, n. Outside of base of lower jaw; also, the corresponding region of upper jaw. Compare Genæ and Malar Region. (26.) (The term is differently employed by various writers, and is at best not definite.)

Chin, n. Space between forks of lower jaw; upper throat. See Mentum. (46.)

Cho´roid, n. Vascular black membrane of the eye, between retina and sclerotic. Choroid plexus, a certain fold of the pia mater.

Chyle, n. A certain intestinal fluid resulting from digestion.

Chyme, n. A certain product of incompleted digestion.

Cicatric´ula, n. Dark spot on the surface of a fecundated yolk. See Yolk.

Cil´iated, a. Bristly; furnished with bristles, or small bristle-like feathers; fringed.

Cil´ium, n.; pl. cilia. Bristly or hair-like feather, about the mouth and eyes especially. See Vibrissa and Seta.

Cine´reous, a. Of an ashy color.

Circum- (in composition). Around; about: as, circumanal, circumorbital, circumaural,—around the anus, orbit, ear, etc.

Circumduc´tion, n. Movement of a limb by which, if completed, a cone is described.

Cirrh´ous, a. Tufted.

Class, n. Fundamental division of animals: the class of Birds; the class Aves.

Classifica´tion, n. Systematic arrangement.

Clav´icle, n. Collar-bone. In birds, the two clavicles usually unite to form the furculum, merry-thought or wish-bone.

Clavic´ular, a. Pertaining to the clavicles.

Claw, n. (121.)

Claw-joint, n. (122.) See Rhizonychium.

Clit´oris, n. Erectile venereal organ of the female, homologue of the male penis, present in some birds.

Cloa´ca, n. Enlarged lower end of straight gut, receptacle of products of genito-urinary system and refuse of digestion.

Clutch, n. Nest-complement of eggs.

Cne´mial, a. Pertaining to the crus or shin. Equivalent to crural.

Cnemid´ium, n. End of crus, naked in most wading birds.

Coccyge´al, a. Pertaining to the tail, especially to its bones; synonymous with caudal.

Coc´cyx, n. The tail, as to its bones collectively. Os coccygis. Any one of the tail-bones, or coccygeal vertebræ.

Coch´lea, n. A certain portion of the inner ear.

Cœ´cum, n.; pl. cœca. See Cæcum.

Cœ´liac, a. Pertaining to certain of the abdominal viscera. Little used, excepting as the name of a certain artery, the cœliac axis.

Coi´tus, n. Sexual intercourse.

Col´lar, n. Ring of color around neck. See Torques. (55.)

Col´lum, n. Neck; part of body between and connecting head and trunk. (47.)

Colora´tion, n. Coloring; pattern or mode of coloring, or the colors collectively.

Columel´la, n. Bone or cartilage of the inner ear of Sauropsida, answering to the stapes of mammalia.

Comb, n. Erect fleshy lengthwise process, or caruncle, on top of head, as in the domestic cock.

Commis´sural Point. Point where the apposed edges of the mandibles meet and join; corner of the mouth. Equivalent to angle of the mouth, angulus oris.

Com´missure, n. (Lat. con and mitto, to put or lay together.) Line of closure of the two mandibles; track or trace of their apposed edges when the jaws are closed. Often improperly used to signify the opening between the mandibles; but this is apertura oris, gape, rictus. Commissure is the whole rima oris, outline of the mouth, when such outline of upper and under jaw is made one in closure of the mouth.

Complex´us, n. Name of a certain cervical muscle.

Compressed´, a. Narrowed sidewise; higher than wide. The opposite of depressed.

Compressed´ (tail), a. Folded together, as in the barnyard cock. = Cauda compressa.

Cona´rium, n. Same as Pineal Body (which see).

Con´cave, a. Hollowed, as the inner side of a curved line or inner face of a curved surface. Opposite of convex.

Con´dyle, n. Articular eminence of bone in hinge-joints.

Con´fluent, a. Run together; grown together; coalesced.

Coniros´tral, a. Having a conical bill, like a sparrow’s.

Conjuncti´va, n. Vascular membrane lining the eyelids and reflected over the front of the eyeball.

Con´nate, a. Born or produced together; originally united; joined from the beginning. Connation is earlier and more intimate or complete union than confluence.

Continu´ity, n. Part of a thing between its ends in any way distinguished.

Con´tour Feath´ers, n. The general plumage of perfect feathers, lying external and determining the superficial shape of a bird. Distinguished from down feathers.

Cor´acoid (bone), n. Large stout bone connecting shoulder with sternum.

Cor´date, Cor´diform, a. Heart-shaped.

Coria´ceous, a. Denoting integument of dense, tough, leathery texture.

Co´rium, n. Same as Cutis (which see).

Cor´nea, n. Transparent portion of the eyeball.

Cor´neous, a. Horny.

Cor´niplume, a. Tuft of feathers on head, erected like a horn.

Cor´nu, n. Horn.

Coro´na, n. Top of head. Equivalent to cap or pileus. Vertex is the highest point of corona.

Cor´onate, a. Having coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished.

Cor´pus, n. Body, as a whole.

Cor´pus Callo´sum, n. Mass of transverse white fibres, connecting the cerebral hemispheres; wanting in birds.

Cor´tical, a. External, as opposed to medullary.

Cos´tal, a. Pertaining to the ribs.

Costif´erous, a. Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.

Cot´yle, n. Same as Acetabulum.

Cox´a, n. Hip.

Cra´nial, a. Pertaining to the skull.

Cra´nium, n. Skull.

Crest, Cris´ta, n. Any lengthened feathers of top or sides of head.

Crib´riform, a. Sieve-like.

Cri´coid, a. Name of a certain laryngeal cartilage.

Cris´sum, n. Properly, the under tail-coverts collectively. Oftener used to designate the circumanal plumage. (66.)

Cro´taphyte (depression). A concavity on the outside of the skull on each side behind, filled with muscle; temporal fossa.

Crown, n. Pileus; top of head, especially the vertex.

Cru´cial, Cru´ciform, a. In the shape of a cross. The crucial test is one experimentally conclusive.

Cruræ´us, n. Name of a certain muscle of the thigh.

Cru´ral, a. Pertaining to the crus, or shin.

Crus, n. The shin; segment of the leg between the thigh and ankle, represented by the tibia.

Crys´talline (lens), a. See Lens.

Cu´bit, n. The forearm.

Cu´bital, a. Pertaining to the forearm.

Cu´cullate, a. Hooded.

Cul-de-sac, n. “Bottom of a bag”; closed end of a cavity.

Cul´men, n. Ridge of upper mandible; highest median lengthwise line of the bill. (20.)

Cul´minal, a. Pertaining to the culmen.

Cultriros´tral, a. Having the bill shaped like a heron’s.

Cun´eate, Cun´eiform, a. Wedge-shaped. A cuneate tail has the middle feathers longest, the rest successively regularly shortened.

Cun´eiform (bone), n. One of the wrist-bones.

Curso´rial, a. Running; pertaining or belonging to an obsolete group, Cursores or runners.

Cus´pidate, a. Pointed as a spear-head.

Cuta´neous, a. Pertaining to the skin. Same as dermal.

Cu´ticle, n. Scarf-skin; outermost layer of skin, which continually exfoliates.

Cu´tis, n. Skin; the true skin, as distinguished from cuticle and subcutaneous tissue. Corium and derma are synonymous.

Cyst, n. Sac holding pathological products.

D

Dac´tyl, n. Finger or toe. Equivalent to digit.

Dactylothe´ca, n. Covering of the toes.

Dasypæ´dic, a. Synonymous with ptilopædic.

Decid´uous, a. Temporary; falling early. The dorsal plumes of the egret are deciduous.

Decomposed´, a. Separate; standing apart. A decomposed crest has the feathers standing away from each other.

Decum´bent, a. Lying or hanging downward.

Decurved´, a. Gradually curved downward. Opposed to recurved.

Decus´sate, a. Crossed; intersected.

Defeca´tion, n. Act of discharging the contents of the cloaca.

Degluti´tion, n. Act of swallowing.

Dejec´tion, n. Same as defecation. Also, the matters so discharged.

Del´toid, a. Triangular. A muscle over the shoulder is so named.

Demi- (in composition). Half; same as semi-.

Den´tary, a. An epithet of the foremost element of the compound mandibular bone.

Den´tate, Dentic´ulate, a. Toothed; notched as if toothed.

Dentig´erous, a. Bearing teeth. The Ichthyornis, Apatornis, and Odontopteryx (?) are dentigerous birds.

Dentiros´tral, a. Having the bill notched as if toothed. Belonging to a certain obsolete order, Dentirostres.

Denti´tion, n. Act of cutting teeth.

Denuda´tion, n. State of nakedness; act of laying bare.

Denu´ded, a. Naked; laid bare.

Deor´sum. Below.

Deplu´mate, Depluma´tus, a. Bare of feathers. (4.)

Depressed´, a. Flattened vertically. Opposite of compressed.

Deræ´um, n. Bottom or lower part of the neck. (Little used.)

Der´mal, a. Pertaining to the skin; made of skin; cutaneous.

Der´mal Appen´dage. Any outgrowth from the skin.

Dertrothe´ca, a. Covering of end of bill.

Der´trum, n. End of maxilla, in any way distinguished. (21.)

Desmognath´ous, a. Having the palate bones united.

Des´moid, a. Ligamentous.

Desquama´tion, n. Peeling off.

Dex´trad, a. Toward the right side.

Dex´tral, a. Of or on the right side.

Di- (in composition). Twice; double.

Diagno´sis, n. Distinctive knowledge. Also characterization, or a brief, precise, and exclusively pertinent definition. Diagnosis is nearly synonymous in this sense with definition; both differ from description in omitting non-essential particulars; but definition may include points equally applicable to some other object.

Diagnos´tic, a. Distinctively and exclusively characteristic. Feathers are diagnostic of birds.

Diaph´anous, a. Transparent.

Di´aphragm, n. Midriff; musculo-tendinous partition between thorax and abdomen, rudimentary or wanting in birds.

Diaphragmat´ic, a. Pertaining to the diaphragm.

Diapoph´ysis, n. Transverse process of a vertebra.

Diarthro´sis, n. Movable articulation of bones in general.

Dias´tasis, Dias´tema, n. A separation of bones, particularly the cranial ones, or of teeth, from each other.

Dias´tole, n. Dilatation of the heart, alternating with the systole or contraction, occasioning pulsation.

Dichot´omous, a. Divided into pairs.

Dichromatic, a. Of two colors, as the “red” and “gray” plumages of Scops asio.

Didac´tylous, a. Two-toed, as the ostrich.

Digas´tric, a. Double-bellied; name of a certain muscle.

Digit´igrade, a. Walking on the toes. Opposed to plantigrade.

Digitus, n.; pl. digiti. Digit. Finger or toe. (116.)

Dimorphic, a. Of two forms.

Diplo´ë, n. Light spongy network of bone between inner and outer surface of the skull.

Disc or Disk, n. Set of radiating feathers of peculiar shape or texture around the eye of owls.

Dissepimen´tum Nar´ium, n. Same as septum narium, which see.

Dis´tad, a. Toward an extremity.