Читать книгу: «The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. Volume 13, No. 361, Supplementary Issue (1829)», страница 5
RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS
REGAL TABLET
(Concluded from page 166.)
CHARLES II
restored 29th May, 1669, ended 6th Feb. 1685
Popes.
Alexander VII., 1655.
Clement IX., 1667.
Clement X., 1670.
Innocent XI., 1676.
Emperor of Germany.
Leopold I., 1658.
France.
Louis XIV., 1643.
Spain.
Philip IV., 1620.
Charles II., 1665.
Portugal.
Alonzo VI., 1656.
Pedro II., 1683.
Denmark
Frederic III., 1648.
Christian V., 1670.
Sweden.
Charles XI., 1660.
JAMES II
began his reign 6th Feb. 1685, abdicated 13th Feb. 1689
Contemporaries all as in the last reign.
WILLIAM AND MARY
began their reign 13th Feb. 1689, ended 8th March, 1702
Popes.
Innocent XI., 1676.
Alexander VIII., 1689.
Innocent XII., 1691.
Clement XI., 1700.
Emperor of Germany.
Leopold I., 1658.
France.
Louis XIV., 1643.
Spain.
Charles II., 1665.
Philip V., 1700.
Portugal.
Pedro II., 1683.
Denmark.
Christian V., 1670.
Frederic IV., 1699.
Sweden.
Charles XI., 1660.
Charles XII., 1697.
Prussia.
Frederic I., 1701.
ANNE
began her reign 8th March, 1702, ended 1st Aug. 1714
Popes.
Clement XI., 1700.
Emperors of Germany.
Leopold I., 1658.
Joseph I., 1705.
Charles VI., 1711.
France.
Louis XIV., 1643.
Spain.
Philip V., 1700.
Portugal.
Pedro II., 1683.
John V., 1706.
Denmark.
Frederic IV., 1699.
Sweden.
Charles XII. 1697.
Prussia.
Frederic I., 1701.
Frederic William I., 1713.
The Illustrious House of Brunswick
GEORGE I
began his reign 1st Aug. 1714, ended 11th June, 1727
Popes.
Clement XI., 1700.
Innocent XIII., 1721.
Benedict XIII., 1723.
Emperor of Germany.
Charles VI., 1711.
Russia.
Peter I., 1724.
Catherine I., 1725.
Peter II., 1727.
France.
Louis XIV., 1643.
Louis XV., 1715.
Spain.
Philip V., 1700.
Portugal.
John V., 1706.
Denmark.
Frederic IV., 1699.
Sweden.
Charles XII. 1697.
Ulrica, 1718.
Frederic, 1720.
Prussia.
Frederic William I., 1713.
GEORGE II
began his reign 11th June, 1727, ended 25th Oct. 1760
Popes.
Benedict XIII., 1723.
Clement XII., 1730.
Benedict XIV., 1740.
Clement XIII., 1758.
Emperors of Germany.
Charles VI., 1711.
Charles VII., 1740.
Francis I., 1745.
Russia.
Peter II., 1727.
Anne., 1730.
John V., 1740.
Elizabeth, 1741.
France.
Louis XV., 1715.
Spain.
Philip V., 1700.
Ferdinand, 1746.
Charles III., 1759.
Portugal.
John V., 1706.
Joseph, 1750.
Denmark.
Frederic IV., 1699.
Christian VI. 1730.
Frederic V., 1746.
Sweden.
Frederic, 1720.
Adolphus, 1751.
Prussia.
Frederic William, I, 1713.
Frederic II., 1740.
GEORGE III
began his reign 25th Oct. 1760, ended 29th Jan. 1820
Popes.
Clement XIII., 1758.
Clement XIV., 1769.
Pius VI., 1775.
Pius VII., 1800.
Emperors of Germany.
Francis I., 1745.
Joseph II., 1765.
Francis II., 1792.4
Austria.
Francis I., 1806.
Turkey.
Mustapha III., 1757.
Achmed, 1774.
Selim III., 1789.
Mahamud VI., 1808.
Portugal.
Joseph, 1750.
Mary and Peter III., 1777.
Mary (alone), 1786.
John, 1816.
Russia.
Elizabeth, 1741.
Peter III., 1762.
Catharine II., 1762.
Paul I., 1796.
Alexander, 1801.
Prussia.
Frederic the Great, 1740.
Frederic William II., 1786.
France.
Louis XV., 1715.
Louis XVI., 1774.
Louis XVII. 1793.
Bonaparte, 1799.
Louis XVIII., 1814.
Spain.
Charles III., 1759.
Charles IV., 1788.
Ferdinand VII., 1808.
Denmark.
Frederic V., 1746.
Christian VII., 1766.
Matilda, 1772.
Frederic VI. 1808.
Sweden.
Adolphus Frederic, 1751.
Gustavus III., 1771.
Gustavus IV., 1792.
Charles XIII., 1809.
Charles XIV., (Bernadotte), 1818.
Holland.
William V. (Stadtholder), 1757.
William, Prince of Orange, 1815.
Prussia.
Frederic William III., 1797.
Poland.
Stanislaus II. 1764.
Naples and Sicily.
Frederic IV. 1759.
Joseph Napoleon, 1806.
Joachim Napoleon, 1809.
King of Naples restored, 1815.
Etruria.
Francis, 1730.
Leopold, 1765.
Ferdinand III., 1790.
Louis I., 1801.
Louis II. 1802.
Sardinia.
Charles Emanuel III. 1730.
Victor Amadeus, 1773.
Emanuel V., 1802.
GEORGE IV
ascended 29th Jan. 1820, whom GOD preserve
Contemporaries at the commencement of his reign the same as at the death of his late majesty.
JACOBUS
THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS
MOUNT ARAFAT, AND THE PILGRIMAGE TO MEKKA
Every traditionary and topographical particular of this hallowed spot, and the picturesque ceremonies by which it is consecrated, must be acceptable to the Christian reader; and this conviction has induced us to abridge the following from that portion of Burckhardt's Travels which describes the Hadj, or pilgrimage to Mekka.
At sunrise on the 9th of Zul Hadj, every pilgrim issued from his tent, to walk over the plains, and take a view of the busy crowds assembled there. Long streets of tents, fitted up as bazars, furnished all kinds of provisions. The Syrian and Egyptian cavalry were exercised by their chiefs early in the morning, while thousands of camels were seen feeding upon the dry shrubs of the plain all round the camp. I walked to Mount Arafat, to enjoy from its summit a more distinct view of the whole. This granite hill, which is also called Djebel er' Rahme, or the Mountain of Mercy, rises on the north-east side of the plain, close to the mountains which encompass it, but separated from them by a rocky valley; it is about a mile, or a mile and a half in circuit; its sides are sloping, and its summit is nearly two hundred feet above the level of the plain. On the eastern side broad stone steps lead up to the top, and a broad unpaved path, on the western, over rude masses of granite, with which its declivity is covered. After mounting about forty steps, we find a spot a little on the left, called Modaa Seydna Adam, or the place of prayer of our Lord Adam, where, it is related, that the father of mankind used to stand while praying; for here it was, according to Mohammedan tradition, that the angel Gabriel first instructed Adam how to adore his Creator. A marble slab, bearing an inscription in modern characters, is fixed in the side of the mountain. On reaching about the sixtieth step, we come to a small paved platform to our right, on a level spot of the hill, where the preacher stands who admonishes the pilgrims on the afternoon of this day, as I shall hereafter mention. Thus high, the steps are so broad and easy that a horse or camel may ascend; but higher up they become more steep and uneven. On the summit, the place is shown where Mohammed used to take his station during the Hadj; a small chapel formerly stood over it; but this was destroyed by the Wahabys: here the pilgrims usually pray two rikats, in salutation of Arafat. The steps and the summit are covered with handkerchiefs to receive their pious gifts, and each family of the Mekkawys or Bedouins of the tribe of Koreysh, in whose territory Arafat lies, has its particular spot assigned to it for this purpose. The summit commands a very extensive and singular prospect. I brought my compass to take a circle of bearings; but the crowd was so great that I could not use it. Towards the western extremity of the plain are seen Bir Bazan and the Aalameyn; somewhat nearer, southwards, the mosque called Djama Nimre, or Djama Seydna Ibrahim; and on the south-east, a small house where the Sherif used to lodge during the pilgrimage. From thence an elevated rocky ground in the plain extends towards Arafat. On the eastern side of the mountain, and close to its foot, are the ruins of a small mosque, built on rocky ground, called Djama el Szakhrat, where Mohammed was accustomed to pray, and where the pilgrims make four prostrations in memory of the prophet. Several large reservoirs lined with stone are dispersed over the plain; two or three are close to the foot of Arafat, and there are some near the house of the Sherifs: they are filled from the same fine aqueduct which supplies Mekka, and the head of which is about one hour and a half distant, in the eastern mountains. The canal is left open here for the convenience of pilgrims, and is conducted round the three sides of the mountains, passing by Modaa Seydna Adam.5
From the summit of Arafat, I counted about three thousand tents dispersed over the plain, of which two-thirds belonged to the two Hadj caravans, and to the suite and soldiers of Mohammed Aly; the rest to the Arabs of the Sherif, the Bedouin hadjys, and the people of Mekka and Djidda. These assembled multitudes were for the greater number, like myself, without tents. The two caravans were encamped without much order, each party of pilgrims or soldiers having pitched its tents in large circles or dowars, in the midst of which many of their camels were reposing. The plain contained, dispersed in different parts, from twenty to twenty-five thousand camels, twelve thousand of which belonged to the Syrian Hadj, and from five to six thousand to the Egyptian; besides about three thousand, purchased by Mohammed Aly from the Bedouins in the Syrian Deserts, and brought to Mekka with the Hadj, to convey the pilgrims to this place, previously to being used for the transport of army-provisions to Tayf.
The Syrian Hadj was encamped on the south and south-west side of the mountain; the Egyptian on the south-east. Around the house of the Sherif, Yahya himself was encamped with his Bedouin troops, and in its neighbourhood were all the Hedjaz people. Here it was that the two Yemen caravans used formerly to take their station. Mohammed Aly, and Soleyman Pasha of Damascus, as well as several of their officers, had very handsome tents; but the most magnificent of all was that of the wife of Mohammed Aly, the mother of Tousoun Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha, who had lately arrived from Cairo for the Hadj, with a truly royal equipage, five hundred camels being necessary to transport her baggage from Djidda to Mekka. Her tent was in fact an encampment consisting of a dozen tents of different sizes, inhabited by her women; the whole enclosed by a wall of linen cloth, eight hundred paces in circuit, the single entrance to which was guarded by eunuchs in splendid dresses. Around this enclosure were pitched the tents of the men who formed her numerous suite. The beautiful embroidery on the exterior of this linen palace, with the various colours displayed in every part of it, constituted an object which reminded me of some descriptions in the Arabian Tales of the Thousand and One Nights. Among the rich equipages of the other hadjys, or of the Mekka people, none were so conspicuous as that belonging to the family of Djeylany, the merchant, whose tents, pitched in a semicircle, rivalled in beauty those of the two pashas, and far exceeded those of Sherif Yahya. In other parts of the East, a merchant would as soon think of buying a rope for his own neck, as of displaying his wealth in the presence of a pasha; but Djeylany has not yet laid aside the customs which the Mekkawys learned under their old government, particularly that of Sherif Ghaleb, who seldom exercised extortion upon single individuals; and they now rely on the promises of Mohammed Aly, that he will respect their property.
During the whole morning, there were repeated discharges of the artillery which both pashas had brought with them. A few pilgrims had taken up their quarters on Djebel Arafat itself, where some small cavern, or impending block of granite, afforded them shelter from the sun. It is a belief generally entertained in the East, and strengthened by many boasting hadjys on their return home, that all the pilgrims, on this day, encamp upon Mount Arafat; and that the mountain possesses the miraculous property of expansion, so as to admit an indefinite number of the faithful upon its summit. The law ordains that the wakfe, or position of the Hadj, should be on Djebel Arafat; but it wisely provides against any impossibility, by declaring that the plain in the immediate neighbourhood of the mountain may be regarded as comprised under the term "mountain," or Djebel Arafat.
I estimated the number of persons assembled here at about seventy thousand. The camp was from three to four miles long, and between one and two in breadth. There is, perhaps, no spot on earth where, in so small a place, such a diversity of languages are heard; I reckoned about forty, and I have no doubt that there were many more. It appeared to me as if I were here placed in a holy temple of travellers only; and never did I at any time feel a more ardent wish to be able to penetrate once into the inmost recesses of the countries of many of those persons whom I now saw before me, fondly imagining that I might have no more difficulty in reaching their homes, than what they had experienced in their journey to this spot.
The time of Aszer (or about three o'clock, P.M.) approached, when that ceremony of the Hadj takes place, for which the whole assembly had come hither. The pilgrims now pressed forward towards the mountain of Arafat, and covered its sides from top to bottom. At the precise time of Aszer, the preacher took his stand upon the platform on the mountain, and began to address the multitude. This sermon, which lasts till sun-set, constitutes the holy ceremony of the Hadj called Khotbet el Wakfe; and no pilgrim, although he may have visited all the holy places of Mekka, is entitled to the name of hadjy, unless he has been present on this occasion. As Aszer approached, therefore, all the tents were struck, every thing was packed up, the caravans began to load, and the pilgrims belonging to them mounted their camels, and crowded round the mountain, to be within sight of the preacher, which is sufficient, as the greater part of the multitude is necessarily too distant to hear him. The two pashas, with their whole cavalry drawn up in two squadrons behind them, took their post in the rear of the deep lines of camels of the hadjys, to which those of the people of the Hedjaz were also joined; and here they waited in solemn and respectful silence the conclusion of the sermon. Further removed from the preacher, was the Sherif Yahya, with his small body of soldiers, distinguished by several green standards carried before him. The two Mahmals, or holy camels, which carry on their back the high structure that serves as the banner of their respective caravans, made way with difficulty through the ranks of camels that encircled the southern and eastern sides of the hill, opposite to the preacher, and took their station, surrounded by their guards, directly under the platform in front of him.6
