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QUERIES ANSWERED, NO. 5
A comparative statement of the number of those who ask questions, and those who furnish replies, would be a novel contribution to the statistics of literature. I do note mean to undertake it, but shall so far assume an excess on the side of the former class, as to attempt a triad of replies to recent queries without fear of the censures which attach to monopoly.
To facilitate reference to the queries, I take them in the order of publication:—
1. "What is the earliest known instance of the use of a beaver hat in England?"—T. Hudson Turner, p. 100.
The following instance from Chaucer (Canterbury tales, 1775, 8°. v. 272.), if not the earliest, is precise and instructive:
"A marchant was ther with a forked berd,
In mottelee, and highe on hors he sat,
And on his hed a Flaundrish bever hat."
2. "Has Cosmopoli been ever appropriated to any known locality?"—John Jebb, p. 213.
Cosmopolis has been used for London, and for Paris (G. Peignot, Répertoire de bibliographies spéciales, Paris, 1810. 8°. pp. 116, 132.) It may also, in accordance with its etymology, be used for Amsterdam, or Berlin, or Calcutta, etc. As an imprint, it takes the dative case. The Interpretationes paradoxæ quatuor evangeliorum of Sandius, were printed at Amsterdam. (M. Weiss, Biographie universelle, Paris, 1811 28. 8°. xl. 312.)
3. References to "any works or treatises supplying information on the history of the Arabic numerals" are requested by "E.N." p. 230.
To the well chosen works enumberated by the querist, I shall add the titles of two valuable publications in my own collection:
DICTIONNAIRE RAISONNÉ DE DIPLOMATIQUE—par dom de Vaines. Paris, 1774. 8°. 2 vol.
ELÉMENTS DE PALÉOGRAPHIE, par M. Natalis de Wailly. Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1838. 4°. 2 vol.
The former work is a convenient epitome of the Nouveau traité de diplomatique. The latter is a new compilation, undertaken with the sanction of M. Guizot. Its appearance was thus hailed by the learned Daunou: "Cet ouvrage nous semble recommandable par l'exactitude des recherches, par la distribution méthodique des matières et par l'élégante précision du style." (Journal des savants, Paris, 1838. 4°. p. 328.)
A query should always be worded with care, and put in a quotable shape. The observance of this plain rule would economise space, save the time which might otherwise be occupied in useless research, and tend to produce more pertinency of reply. The first and second of the above queries may serve as models.
Bolton Corney.
REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES
Old Auster Tenement (No. 14. p. 217.).—I think that I am in a condition to throw some light on the meaning of this expression, noticed in a former Number by "W.P.P." The tenements held in villenage of the lord of a manor, at least where they consisted of a messuage or dwelling-house, are often called astra in our older books and court-rolls. If the tenement was an ancient one, it was vetus or antiquum astrum; if a tenure of recent creation (or a new-take, as it is called in some manors), it was novum astrum. The villenage tenant of it was an astrarius. "W.P.P." may satisfy himself of these facts by referring to the printed Plautorum Abbrevietis, fo. 282.; to Fleta, Comment. Juris. Anglicani, ed. 1685, p. 217.; and to Ducange, Spelman, and Cowel, under the words "Astrum," "Astrarius," and "Astre." In the very locality to which "W.P.P." refers, he will find that the word "Auster" is "Astrum" in the oldest court-rolls, and that the term is not confined to North Curry, but is very prevalent in the eastern half of Somerset. At the present day, an auster tenement is a species of copyhold, with all the incidents to that tenure. It is noticed in the Journal of the Archæological Institute, in a recent critique on Dr. Evans's Leicestershire words, and is very familar to legal practitioners of any experience in the district alluded to.
E. Smirke.
Tureen (No. 16. p. 246.).—There is properly no such word. It is a corruption of the French terrine, an earthen vessel in which soup is served. It is in Bailey's Dictionary. I take this opportunity of suggesting whether that the word "swinging," applied by Goldsmith to his tureen, should be rather spelt swingeing; though the former is the more usual way: a swinging dish and a swingeing are different things, and Goldsmith meant the latter.
C.
Burning the Dead.—"T." will find some information on this subject in Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia, chap. i., which appears to favour his view except in the following extract:
"The same practice extended also far west, and besides Heruleans, Getes and Thracians, was in use with most of the Celtæ, Sarmatians, Germans, Gauls, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians; not to omit some use thereof among Carthaginians, and Americans."
The Carthaginians most probably received the custom from their ancestors the Phoenicians, but where did the Americans get it?
Henry St. Chad.
Corpus Christi Hall, Maidstone, Feb. 8. 1850.
Burning the Dead.—Your correspondent "T." (No. 14. p. 216.) can hardly have overlooked the case of Dido, in his inquiry "whether the practice of burning the dead has ever been in vogue amongst any people, excepting the inhabitants of Europe and Asia?" According to all classical authorities, Dido was founder and queen of Carthage in Africa, and was burned at Carthage on a funeral pile.
If it be said that Dido's corpse underwent burning in conformity with the custom of her native country Tyre, and not because it obtained in the land of her adoption, then the question arises, whether burning the dead was not one of the customs which the Tyrian colony of Dido imported into Africa, and became permanently established at Carthage. It is very certain that the Carthaginians had human sacrifices by fire, and that they burned their children in the furnace to Saturn.
A.G.
Ecclesfield, Feb. 8. 1850.
MISCELLANIES
M. de Gournay.—The author of the axioms Laissez faire, laissez passer, which are the sum and substance of the free trade principles of political economy, and perhaps the pithiest and completest exposition of the doctrine of a particular school ever made, was Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay, who was born at St. Malo in 1712, and died at Paris in 1759. In early life he was engaged in trade, and subsequently became Honorary Councillor of the Grand Council, and Honorary Intendant of Commerce. He translated, in 1742, Josiah Child's Considerations on Commerce and on the Interest on Money, and Culpepper's treatise Against Usury. He also wrote a good deal on questions of political economy. He was, in fact, with Dr. Quesnay, the chief of the French economists of the last century; but he was more liberal than Quesnay in his doctrines; indeed he is (far more than Adam Smith) the virtual founder of the modern school of political economy; and yet, perhaps, of all the economists he is the least known!
The great Turgot was a friend and ardent admirer of M. de Gournay; and on his death wrote a pompous Eloge on him.
A Man in a Garret.
Cupid Crying.—"Our readers will remember that some time since (antè, p. 108.) we copied into our columns, from the 'Notes and Queries,' an epigram of great elegance on the subject of 'Cupid Crying;' the contributor of which was desirous of finding through that medium, especially established for such discoveries, the original text and the name of its author. Subsequently, a correspondent of our own [antè, p. 132.] volunteered a translation by himself, in default of the original. The correspondent of the 'Notes and Queries' has now stumbled on what he sought, and is desirous that we should transmit it to the author of the volunteer version, with his thanks. This we take the present means of doing. Under the signature of 'Rufus,' he writes as follows:—'In a MS. book, long missing, I find the following copy, with a reference to Car. Illust. Poet. Ital. vol. i. 229, wherein it is ascribed to Antonio Tebaldeo—
"De Cupidine.
Cur natum cædit Venus? Arcum perdidit. Arcum
Nunc quis habet? Tusco Flavia nata solo.
Qui factum? Petit hæc, dedit hic; nam lumine formæ
Deceptus, matri se dare crediderat."
"Since printing this communication from 'Rufus' we have received the same original (with the variation of a single word—quid for cur in the opening of the epigram) from a German correspondent at Augsburgh. 'You will find it,' he says, 'in the Anthologia Latina Burmanniana, iii. 236, or in the new edition of this Latin Anthology, by Henry Meyer, Lipsiæ, 1835, tom. ii. page 139, No. 1566. The author of the epigram is doubtful, but the diction appears rather too quaint for a good ancient writer. Maffei ascribes it to Brenzoni, who lived in the sixteenth century; others give it to Ant. Tebaldeo, of Ferrara.' Our readers will perceive that the translator has taken some liberties with his text. 'Lumine formæ deceptus,' for instance, is not translated by 'she smiled.' But it may be questioned if the suggestion is not even more delicate and graceful in the translator's version than in the original."—The Athenæum.
THE MIRROR
(From the Latin of Owen.)
Bella, your image just returns your smile—
You weep, and tears its lovely cheek bedew—
You sleep, and its bright eyes are closed the while—
You rise, the faithful mimic rises too.—
Bella, what art such likeness could increase
If glass could talk, or woman hold her peace?
Rufus.
Journeyman.—Three or four years since, a paragraph went the round of the press, deriving the English word "journeyman" from the custom of travelling among work-men in Germany. This derivation is very doubtful. Is it not a relic of Norman rule, from the French journée, signifying a day-man? In support of this it may be observed, that the German name for the word in question if Tagelöhner, or day-worker. It is also well known, that down to a comparatively recent period, artisans and free labourers were paid daily.
Gomer.
Balloons.—In one of your early numbers you mention the History of Ringwood, &c. Many years since I sent to a periodical (I cannot recollect which) a circumstance connected with that town, which I never heard or read of anywhere, and which, as it is rather of importance, I forward to you in hopes that some of your correspondents may be able to throw some light upon it. When my father was in the Artillery Ground at the ascension of Lunardi's balloon, he remarked to several persons present, "This is no novelty to me; I remember well, when I was at school in Ringwood [about the year 1757], an apothecary in that town that used to let off balloons (he had no other name, I suppose, to give them) on a smaller scale, but exactly corresponding with what he then saw, many a time."
I had several letters addressed to me, requesting further explanation, which, as my father was dead, I was unable to give. It is highly improbable that any persons now living may have it in their power to corroborate the fact, but some of their relations or descendants may. I suppose they must have been fire-balloons, and these of the rudest construction; and my father, being a boy at the time, would have given perhaps little valuable information, except as to the name of the apothecary, which, however, I never heard him mention.
B.G.
Feb. 6. 1850.
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