Читать книгу: «Notes and Queries, Number 188, June 4, 1853», страница 6

 
"I know not, I care not,
I cannot tell how to woo,
But I'll away to the merry green woods,
And there get nuts enow."
 

This evidently shows what the pronunciation was when it was written.

J. A. H.

Enough is from the same root as the German genug, where the first g has been lost, and the latter softened and almost lost in its old English pronunciation, enow. The modern pronunciation is founded, as that of many other words is, upon an affected style of speech, ridiculed by Holofernes.⁴ The word bread, for example, is almost universally called bred; but in Chaucer's poetry and indeed now in Yorkshire, it is pronounced bré-äd, a dissyllable.

T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

In Vol. vii., p. 455. there is an inquiry respecting the change in the pronunciation of the word enough, and quotations are given from Waller, where the word is used, rhyming with bow and plough. But though spelt enough, is not the word, in both places, really enow? and is there not, in fact, a distinction between the two words? Does not enough always refer to quantity, and enow to number: the former, to what may be measured; the latter, to that which may be counted? In both quotations the word enough refers to numbers?

S. S. S.

Feelings of Age (Vol. vii., p. 429.).—A.C. asks if it "is not the general feeling, that man in advancing years would not like to begin life again?" I fear not. It is a wisdom above the average of what men possess that made the good Sir Thomas Browne say:

"Though I think no man can live well once, but he that could live twice, yet for my own part I would not live over my hours past, or begin again the thread of my dayes: not upon Cicero's ground—because I have lived them well—but for fear I should live them worse. I find my growing judgment daily instruct me how to be better, but my untamed affections and confirmed vitiosity make me daily do worse. I find in my confirmed age the same sins I discovered in my youth; I committed many then, because I was a child, and, because I commit them still, I am yet an infant. Therefore I perceive a man may be twice a child before the days of dotage, and stand in need of Æson's bath before threescore."

The annotator refers to Cic., lib. xxiv. ep. 4.:

"Quod reliquum est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes, honestissimè. Viximus: floruimus: non vitium nostrum, sed virtus nostra, nos afflixit. Peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non unâ animam cum ornamentis amisimus."—Edit. Orell., vol. iii. part i. p. 335.

However, it seems probable that Sir Thomas meant that this sentiment is rather to be gathered from Cicero's writings,—not enunciated in a single sentence.

H. C. K.

—– Rectory, Hereford.

Optical Query (Vol. vii., p. 430.).—In reply to the optical Query by H. H., I venture to suggest that a stronger gust of wind than usual might easily occasion the illusion in question, as I myself have frequently found in looking at the fans on the tops of chimneys. Or possibly the eyes may have been confused by gazing on the revolving blades, just as the tongue is frequently influenced in its accentuation by pronouncing a word of two syllables in rapid articulations.

F. F. S.

Oxford.

Cross and Pile (Vol. vii., p.487.).—Here is another explanation at least as satisfactory as some of the previous ones:

"The word coin itself is money struck on the coin or head of the flattened metal, by which word coin or head is to be understood the obverse, the only side which in the infancy of coining bore the stamp. Thence the Latin cuneus, from cune or kyn, the head.

"This side was also called pile, in corruption from poll, a head, not only from the side itself being the coin or head, but from its being impressed most commonly with some head in contradistinction to the reverse, which, in latter times, was oftenest a cross. Thence the vulgarism, cross or pile, poll, head."—Cleland's Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary, p. 157.

A. Holt White.

Capital Punishments (Vol. vii., pp. 52. 321.).—The authorities to which W. L. N. refers not being generally accessible, he would confer a very great obligation by giving the names and dates of execution of any of the individuals alluded to by him, who have undergone capital punishment in this country for exercising the Roman Catholic religion. Herein, it is almost needless to remark, I exclude such cases as those of Babington, Ballard, Parsons, Garnett, Campion, Oldcorne, and others, their fellows, who suffered, as every reader of history knows, for treasonable practices against the civil and christian policy and government of the realm.

Cowgill.

Thomas Bonnell (Vol. vii., p. 305.).—In what year was this person, about whose published Life J. S. B. inquires, Mayor of Norwich? His name, as such, does not occur in the lists of Nobbs, Blomefield, or Ewing.

Cowgill.

Passage in the First Part of Faust (Vol. vii., p. 501.).—Mr. W. Fraser will find good illustrations of the question he has raised in his second suggestion for the elucidation of this passage in The Abbot, chap. 15. ad fin. and note.

A few weeks after giving this reference, in answer to a question by Emdee (see "N. & Q.," Vol. i., p. 262.; Vol. ii., p. 47.), I sent in English, for I am not a German scholar, as an additional reply to Emdee, the very same passage that Mr. Fraser has just forwarded, but it was not inserted, probably because its fitness as an illustration was not very evident.

My intention in sending that second reply was to show that, as in Christabel and The Abbot, the voluntary and sustained effort required to introduce the evil spirit was of a physical, so in Faust it was of a mental character; and I confess that I am much pleased now to find my opinion supported by the accidental testimony of another correspondent.

It must, however, be allowed that the peculiar wording of the passage under consideration may make it difficult, if not impossible, to separate earnest from the magical form in which Faust's command to enter his room is given. Göthe's intention, probably, was to combine and illustrate both.

As proofs of the belief in the influence of the number three in incantation, I may refer to Virg. Ecl. viii. 73—78.; to a passage in Apuleius, which describes the resuscitation of a corpse by Zachlas, the Egyptian sorcerer;

"Propheta, sic propitiatus, herbulam quampiam ter ob os corporis, et aliam pectori ejus imponit."—Apul. Metamorph., lib. ii. sect. 39. (Regent's Classics);

and to the rhyming spell that raised the White Lady of Avenel at the Corrie nan Shian. (See The Monastery, chaps. xi. and xvii.)

C. Forbes.

Sir Josias Bodley (Vol. vii., p. 357.).—Your correspondent Y. L. will find some account of the family of Bodley in Prince's Worthies of Devon, edit. 1810, pp. 92-105., and in Moore's History of Devon, vol. ii. pp. 220-227. See also "N. & Q.," Vol. iv., pp. 59. 117. 240.

J. D. S.

Claret (Vol. vii., p. 237.).—The word claret is evidently derived directly from the French word clairet; which is used, even at the present day, as a generic name for the "vins ordinaires," of a light and thin quality, grown in the south of France. The name is never applied but to red wines; and it is very doubtful whether it takes its appellation from any place, being always used adjectively—"vin clairet," not vin de clairet. I am perhaps not quite correct in stating, that the word is always used as an adjective; for we sometimes find clairet used alone as a substantive; but I conceive that in this case the word vin is to be understood, as we say "du Bordeaux," "du Champagne," meaning "du vin de Bordeaux," "du vin de Champagne." Eau clairette is the name given to a sort of cherry-brandy; and lapidaries apply the name clairette to a precious stone, the colour of which is not so deep as it ought to be. This latter fact may lead one to suppose that the wine derived its name from being clearer and lighter in colour than the more full-bodied vines of the south. The word is constantly occurring in old drinking-songs. A song of Olivier Basselin, the minstrel of Vire, begins with these words:

 
"Beau nez, dont les rubis out coûté mainte pipe
De vin blanc et clairet."
 

By the way, this song is the original of one in the musical drama of Jack Sheppard, which many of the readers of "N. & Q." may remember, as it became rather popular at the time. It began thus:

 
"Jolly nose, the bright gems that illumine thy tip,
Were dug from the mines of Canary."
 

I am not aware that the plagiarism has been noticed before.

Honoré de Mareville.

Guernsey.

Miscellaneous

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC

Now that the season is arriving for the sportsman, angler, yachtsman, and lover of nature to visit the wild and solitary beauties of Gamle Norge, nothing could be better timed than the pleasant gossiping Month in Norway, by J. G. Holloway, which forms this month's issue of Murray's Railway Library; or the splendidly illustrated Norway and its Scenery, comprising the Journal of a Tour by Edward Price, Esq., and a Road Book for Tourists, with Hints to Anglers and Sportsmen, edited by T. Forster, Esq., which forms the new number of Bohn's Illustrated Library, and which is embellished with a series of admirable views by Mr. Price, from plates formerly published at a very costly price, but which, in this new form, are now to be procured for a few shillings.

As the Americans have been among the most successful photographic manipulators, we have looked with considerable interest at a work devoted to the subject which has just been imported from that country, The History and Practice of the Art of Photography, &c., by Henry H. Snelling, Fourth Edition; and though we are bound to admit that it contains many hints and notes which may render it a useful addition to the library of the photographer, we still must pronounce it as a work put together in a loose, unsatisfactory manner, and as being for the most part a compilation from the best writers in the Old World.

When Dr. Pauli's Life of Alfred made its appearance it received, as it deserved, our hearty commendation. We have now to welcome a translation of it, which has just been published in Bohn's Antiquarian Library,—The Life of Alfred the Great, translated from the German of Dr. Pauli; to which is appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, with a literal English Translation, and an Anglo-Saxon Alphabet and Glossary by Benjamin Thorpe; and it speaks favourably for the spread of the love of real learning, that it should answer the publisher's purpose to put forth such a valuable book in so cheap and popular a form. Mr. Thorpe's scholarship is too well known to require recognition at our hands.

Books Received.—Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England, by J. Y. Akerman. The present number contains coloured engravings of the Umbo of Shield and Weapons found at Driffield, and of a Bronze Patera from a Cemetery at Wingham, Kent.—Gervinus' Introduction to the History of the Nineteenth Century. Apparently a carefully executed translation of Dr. Gervinus' now celebrated brochure issued by Mr. Bohn; who has, in his Standard Library, given us a new edition of De Lolme on the Constitution, with notes by J. Macgregor, M.P.; and in his Classical Library a translation by C. D. Yonge of Diogenes Laertius' Lives and Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE

Walker's Latin Particles.

Herbert's Carolina Threnodia. 8vo. 1702.

Theobald's Shakspeare Restored. 4to. 1726.

Scott, Remarks on the best Writings of the best Authors (or some such title).

Sermons by the Rev. Robert Wake, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c.

History of Ancient Wilts, by Sir R. C. Hoare. The last three Parts.

Rev. A. Dyce's Edition of Dr. Richard Bentley's Works. Vol. III. Published by Francis Macpherson, Middle Row, Holborn. 1836.

Dissertation on Isaiah XVIII., in a Letter to Edward King, Esq., by Samuel Lord Bishop of Rochester (Horsley). The Quarto Edition, printed for Robson. 1779.

Ben Jonson's Works. 9 Vols. 8vo. Vols. II., III., IV. Bds.

Sir Walter Scott's Novels. 41 Vols. 8vo. The last nine Vols. Boards.

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Notices to Correspondents

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Mr. Riley's Reply to the Rev. Mr. Graves' notice of Hoveden did not reach us in time for insertion this week.

I. A. N. (93rd Highlanders.) Several correspondents, as well as yourself, complain of the difficulty of obtaining amber varnish. There are several Eastern gums which much resemble amber, as also a substance known as "Highgate resin." Genuine amber, when rubbed together, emits a very fragrant odour similar to a fresh lemon, and does not abrade the surface. The fictitious amber, on the contrary, breaks or becomes rough, and has a resinous turpentine-like smell. Genuine amber is to be obtained generally of the tobacconists, who have often broken mouth-pieces by them: old necklaces, now out of use, are sold at a very moderate price by the jewellers. The amber of commerce, used in varnish-making, contains so much impurity that the waste of chloroform renders it very undesirable to use. The amber should be pounded in a mortar, and, to an ounce by measure of chloroform, add a drachm and a half of amber (only about one-fourth of it will be dissolved), and this requires two days' maceration. It should be filtered through fine blotting-paper. Being so very fluid, it runs most freely over the collodion, and, when well prepared and applied, renders the surface so hard, and so much like the glass, that it is difficult to know on which side of the glass the positive really is. The varnish is to be obtained properly made at from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per ounce; and although this appears dear, it is not so in use, so very small a portion being requisite to effectually cover a picture; and the effects exceed every other application with which we are acquainted,—to say nothing of its instantaneously becoming hard, in itself a most desirable requisite.

–– (Islington). Your note has been mislaid, but in all probability the spots in your collodion would be removed by dipping into the bottle a small piece of iodide of potassium. Collodion made exactly as described by Dr. Diamond in "N. & Q.," entirely answers our expectations, and we prefer it, for our own use, to any we have ever been able to procure.

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