Diese Ausgabe von «Die Grundlagen der Philosophie» wurde mit einem funktionalen Layout erstellt und sorgfältig formatiert.

Descartes gilt als der Begründer des modernen frühneuzeitlichen Rationalismus, den Baruch de Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche und Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz kritisch-konstruktiv weitergeführt haben. Sein rationalistisches Denken wird auch Cartesianismus genannt. Von ihm stammt das berühmte Dictum «cogito ergo sum» («ich denke, also bin ich»), welches die Grundlage seiner Metaphysik bildet, aber auch das Selbstbewusstsein als genuin philosophisches Thema eingeführt hat. Seine Auffassung bezüglich der Existenz zweier miteinander wechselwirkender, voneinander verschiedener «Substanzen» – Geist und Materie – ist heute als Cartesianischer Dualismus bekannt und steht im Gegensatz zu den verschiedenen Varianten des Monismus sowie zur dualistischen Naturphilosophie Isaac Newtons, der die Wechselwirkung aktiver immaterieller «Kräfte der Natur» mit der absolut passiven Materie lehrt (siehe dazu newtonsche Gesetze, Erstes Gesetz der Bewegung).

Inhalt:

Zur Einleitung.

Vorwort an den Leser!

Übersicht der sechs folgenden Betrachtungen.Diese Übersicht rührt von Descartes selbst her.

Erste Betrachtung: Woran man zweifeln kann.

Zweite Betrachtung: Das Wesen des menschlichen Geistes; es ist uns bekannter als der Körper.

Dritte Betrachtung: Das Dasein Gottes.

Vierte Betrachtung: Wahrheit und Irrtum.

Fünfte Betrachtung: Das Wesen der Materie und nochmals die Existenz Gottes.

Sechste Betrachtung: Das Dasein der Körper und der Wesensunterschied zwischen Leib und Seele.

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