Cartesianische Meditationen und Pariser Vorträge ist ein Werk von Edmund Husserl, einer der einflussreichsten Denker des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er forderte von der Philosophie, sich vorschneller Weltdeutungen zu enthalten und sich bei der analytischen Betrachtung der Dinge an das zu halten, was dem Bewusstsein unmittelbar (phänomenal) erscheint. «Erkenntnis» ist zwar an psychische und physiologische Prozesse gebunden, sie ist aber nicht mit diesen identisch. Aus einem empirisch psychologischen Satz kann niemals eine logische Norm abgeleitet werden. Empirische Sätze sind bloß wahrscheinlich und können falsifiziert werden. Logik hingegen unterliegt nicht wie die Empirie der Kausalität. Philosophie als Wissenschaft kann sich daher nicht an den Naturalismus binden. Philosophie, Erkenntnistheorie, Logik und reine Mathematik sind Idealwissenschaften, deren Gesetze ideale Wahrheiten a priori ausdrücken. «Eidetische Reduktion»: Aus der durch die Enthaltung gewonnenen Neutralität heraus ist es nun möglich, zum Wesen einer Sache, beziehungsweise «zu den Sachen selbst» vorzudringen. Jetzt sind nur noch die Bewusstseinsakte selbst Gegenstand der Betrachtung. Die Existenz des Gegenstandes wird «transzendiert». Was übrigbleibt, ist die «absolute Seinsregion des Bewusstseins» selbst. Mit dieser eidetischen Reduktion gelingt eine Wesensschau, die uns zeigt, wie sich die Welt im Bewusstsein konstituiert.

Inhalt:

Die Cartesianischen Meditationen und ihre kritische Umbildung zur meditierenden Erschließung des transzendentalen ego

Die konstitutiven Probleme der eidetischen Phänomenologie und die Idee einer Theorie der Erkenntnis

Die Zurückweisung des transzendentalen Solipsismus

Die Lösung des Cartesischen Problems einer absoluten Philosophie

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