Читать книгу: «Latin Phrase-Book», страница 14

14. The Senate

publicum consilium (Phil. 7.7. 19) – the council of the nation; the senate.

in senatum legere, ²⁷² eligere– to elect to the senate.

senatum vocare, convocare– to call a meeting of the senate.

senatum cogere (Liv. 3. 39) – to assemble the senate.

edicere, ²⁷³ ut senatus frequens adsit (Fam. 11. 6. 2) – to issue a proclamation calling on the senators to assemble in full force.

senatum habere– to hold a sitting of the senate.

ad senatum referre ²⁷⁴ (Cic. Dom. 53. 136) – to bring a question before the senate (of the presiding magistrate).

patres (senatum) consulere de aliqua re (Sall. Iug. 28) – to consult the senators on a matter.

sententiam rogare, interrogare– to ask the opinion of…

sententiam dicere– to give an opinion (also used of a judge, cf. sect. VI. 4).

senatus sententia inclīnat ad… (De Sen. 6. 16) – the senate inclines to the opinion, decides for…

sententia vincit (Liv. 2. 4. 3) – the majority were of the opinion…

maior pars– the majority.

quid censes? quid tibi videtur?– what is your opinion?

quid de ea re fieri placet?– what is your opinion?

discessionem facere (Sest. 34. 74) – to take the vote (by division).

discedere (pedibus), ire in alicuius sententiam ²⁷⁵ (Liv. 23. 10) – to vote for some one's motion.

senatus decrevit (populusque iussit) ut– the senate decreed (and the people ratified the decree) that…

senatus consultum fit (Att. 2. 24. 3) – a resolution of the senate (not opposed by a tribunicial veto) was made.

senatus auctoritas– the opinion of the senate in general.

senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2) – to give a man audience before the senate.

a senatu res ad populum reicitur– a matter is referred (for decision) from the senate to the people.

dicendi mora diem extrahere, eximere, tollere– to pass the whole day in discussion.

dimittere senatum ²⁷⁶– to dismiss the senate.

nox senatum dirimit– night breaks up the sitting.

XV. Law and Justice

1. Law in General

ius dicere– to administer justice (said of the praetor).

ius reddere (Liv. 3. 33) – to administer justice (said of the praetor).

ius suum persequi– to assert one's right.

ius suum adipisci (Liv. 1. 32. 10) – to obtain justice.

ius suum tenere, obtinere– to maintain one's right.

de iure suo decedere or cedere– to waive one's right.

(ex) iure, lege agere cum aliquo– to go to law with a person.

summo iure agere cum aliquo (cf. summum ius, summa iniuria) – to proceed against some one with the utmost rigour of the law; to strain the law in one's favour.

in ius, in iudicium vocare aliquem– to summon some one before the court.

diem dicere alicui– to summon some one to appear on a given day; to accuse a person.

in iudicium venire, in iudicio adesse– to appear in court.

iudicia administrare– to have charge of the administration of justice.

iudicium exercere (vid. sect. V. 7, note The first…) – to administer justice; to judge (used of criminal cases before the praetor).

iudicio praeesse– to be president of a court.

conventus agere (B. G. 1. 54) – to convene the assizes (used of a provincial governor).

quaestiones perpetuae (Brut. 27. 106) – the standing commissions of inquiry.

aliquem in integrum (vid. sect. V. 4, note The proper…) restituere– to reinstate a person in his right.

(1) respondere²⁷⁷ (de iure or ius) – to give a legal opinion, decision on points of law.

(2) cavere (in iure) (Off. 2. 65) – to point out what precautions, what formal steps must be taken to insure immunity.

(3) agere– to be energetic in the conduct of the case; to plead before the judge.

aequum iudicem se alicui praebere– to judge some one equitably.

ex aequo et bono (Caecin. 23. 65) – justly and equitably.

iudex incorruptus– an impartial judge.

ratio iudiciorum– judicial organisation.

aequa iuris descriptio (Off. 2. 4. 15) – a sound judicial system.

aequo iure vivere cum aliquo– to live with some one on an equal footing.

iustitium indicere, edicere (Phil. 5. 12) – to proclaim that the courts are closed, a cessation of legal business.

iustitium remittere– to re-open the courts.

ius ad artem redigere– to reduce law to a system.

ius nullum– absence of justice.

ius ac fas omne delere– to trample all law under foot.

omnia iura pervertere– to trample all law under foot.

contra ius fasque– against all law, human and divine.

optimo iure– with full right.

ius praecipuum, beneficium, donum, also immunitas²⁷⁸ c. Gen. – prerogative, privilege.

2. Inquiry – Testimony – Torture

aliquid, causam cognoscere– to hold an inquiry into a matter.

quaerere aliquid or de aliqua re– to hold an inquiry into a matter.

quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem– to examine a person, a matter.

quaestioni praeesse– to preside over an inquiry.

quaesītor– the examining judge.

incognita causa (cf. sect. XV. 3, indicta causa) – without any examination.

in tabulas publicas referre aliquid– to enter a thing in the public records.

deprehendere aliquem (in aliqua re)– to catch a person, find him out.

deprehendere aliquem in manifesto scelere– to take a person in the act.

testis gravis– an important witness.

testis locuples– a witness worthy of all credit.

testis incorruptus atque integer– an impartial witness.

aliquem testem alicuius rei (in aliquid) citare– to cite a person to give evidence on a matter.

aliquem testem adhibere– to use some one's evidence.

aliquo teste uti– to use some one's evidence.

aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre– to produce as a witness.

aliquem testem producere– to produce as a witness.

testem prodire (in aliquem)– to appear as witness against a person.

testimonium dicere pro aliquo– to give evidence on some one's behalf.

pro testimonio dicere– to state as evidence.

testibus teneri, convictum esse– to be convicted by some one's evidence.

alicui admovere tormenta– to have a person tortured.

quaerere tormentis de aliquo– to have a person tortured.

de servis quaerere (in dominum)– to examine slaves by torture.

cruciatūs tormentorum– the pains of torture.

aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit (Mil. 22. 60) – to isolate a witness.

3. Process – Defence

causa privata– a civil case.

causa publica (Brut. 48. 178) – a criminal case.

causam alicuius agere (apud iudicem)– to conduct a person's case (said of an agent, solicitor).

causam dicere, orare (Brut. 12. 47) – to address the court (of the advocate).

causam dicere– to defend oneself before the judge (of the accused).

causam dicere pro aliquo– to defend a person.

causam alicuius defendere– to conduct some one's defence in a case.

causam optimam habere (Lig. 4. 10) – to have a good case.

causam inferiorem dicendo reddere superiorem (λόγον κρείττω ποιειν) (Brut. 8. 30) – to gain a weak case by clever pleading.

patronus ²⁷⁹ (causae) (De Or. 2. 69) – counsel; advocate.

causam suscipere– to undertake a case.

ad causam aggredi or accedere– to undertake a case.

indicta causa (opp. cognita causa) – without going to law.

litem alicui intendere– to go to law with, sue a person.

adhuc sub iudice lis est (Hor. A. P. 77) – the case is still undecided.

lites componere (Verg. Ecl. 3. 108) – to arrange a dispute (by arbitration).

causam or litem obtinere– to win a case.

causā or iudicio vincere– to win a case.

causam or litem amittere, perdere– to lose one's case.

causā or lite cadere (owing to some informality) – to lose one's case.

calumniae litium (Mil. 27. 74) – chicanery (specially of wrongfully accusing an innocent man).

4. Accusation – Verdict – Decision

accusatio (Cael. 3. 6) – a criminal accusation.

actio, petitio– a private, civil prosecution.

nomen alicuius deferre (apud praetorem) (Verr. 2. 38. 94) – to accuse, denounce a person.

referre in reos aliquem– to put some one on the list of the accused.

eximere de reis aliquem– to strike a person's name off the list of the accused.

aliquis reus fit (Fam. 13. 54) – some one is accused.

iudices reicere (Verr. 3. 11. 28) – to challenge, reject jurymen.

crimina diluere, dissolvere– to refute charges.

accusare aliquem rei capitalis (rerum capitalium)– to charge some one with a capital offence.

caput alicuius agitur (vid. sect. V. 8) – a person's life is in jeopardy.

accusare aliquem peculatus, pecuniae publicae– to accuse some one of malversation, embezzlement of public money.

accusare aliquem falsarum tabularum ²⁸⁰– to accuse a person of forging the archives.

postulare aliquem repetundarum ²⁸¹ or de repetundis– to accuse a person of extortion (to recover the sums extorted).

accusare aliquem perduellionis– to charge a person with treason (hostile conduct against the state generally).

accusare aliquem maiestatis– to accuse a person of high treason (more specific than the preceding).

accusare aliquem ambitus, de ambitu– to accuse some one of illegal canvassing.

accusare aliquem de vi, de veneficiis– to accuse a person of violence, poisoning.

accusare aliquem inter sicarios (Rosc. Am. 32. 90) – to accuse a person of assassination.

sententiae iudicum– the finding of the jury.

sententiam ferre, dicere (Off. 3. 16. 66) – to give sentence (of the judge, cf. sect. VI. 4, note Not…).

iudicare causam (de aliqua re)– to decide on the conduct of the case.

iudicium rescindere– to rescind a decision.

res iudicatas rescindere (Cic. Sull. 22. 63) – to rescind a decision.

lege Plautia damnari (Sall. Cat. 31. 4) – to be condemned under the Lex Plautia.

5. Guilt

in culpa esse– to be at fault; to blame; culpable.

culpa alicuius rei est in aliquo– some one is to blame in a matter; it is some one's fault.

mea culpa est– it is my fault.

culpa carere, vacare– to be free from blame.

extra culpam esse– to be free from blame.

abesse a culpa– to be free from blame.

prope abesse a culpa– to be almost culpable.

affinem esse culpae– to be almost culpable.

culpam in aliquem conferre, transferre, conicere– to put the blame on another.

culpam alicui attribuere, assignare– to attribute the fault to some one.

aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50) – to reproach, blame a person for…

culpam committere, contrahere– to commit some blameworthy action.

facinus, culpam in se admittere– to commit some blameworthy action.

non committere, ut…– to take care not to…

culpam alicuius rei sustinere– to bear the blame of a thing.

culpam a se amovere ²⁸²– to exonerate oneself from blame.

veniam dare alicui– to pardon a person.

6. Punishment – Acquittal

poena afficere aliquem (Off. 2. 5. 18) – to punish some one.

animadvertere in aliquem– to punish some one.

punire aliquem– to punish some one.

ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)– to punish some one.

poenas alicuius persequi– to exact a penalty from some one.

poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo– to exact a penalty from some one.

poenas expetere ab aliquo– to exact a penalty from some one.

supplicium sumere de aliquo– to exact a penalty from some one.

hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut…– to ordain as punishment that…

graviter consulere in aliquem (Liv. 8. 13) – to deal severely with a person.

poenas (graves) dare alicui– to be (heavily) punished by some one.

poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)– to be punished by some one (on account of a thing).

poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere– to suffer punishment.

poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre– to suffer punishment.

poenam luere (alicuius rei) (Sull. 27. 76) – to be punished for a thing, expiate it.

luere ²⁸³ aliquid aliqua re (De Sen. 20) – to atone for something by…

poenam subire– to submit to a punishment.

pecunia multare aliquem– to condemn some one to a fine.

multam irrogare alicui (Cic. Dom. 17. 45) – to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor or the tribunus plebis proposing a fine to be ratified by the people).

decem milibus aeris damnari– to be fined 10,000 asses.

in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem– to put some one in irons, chains.

in vincula, in catenas conicere aliquem– to put some one in irons, chains.

in carcerem conicere aliquem– to throw some one into prison.

capitis or capite damnare aliquem– to condemn some one to death.

capitis absolvere aliquem– to repeal a death-sentence passed on a person.

supplicium alicui decernere, in aliquem constituere– to decree the penalty of death.

Solo capite sanxit, si quis… (Att. 10. 1) – Solon made it a capital offence to…

morte multare aliquem (Catil. 1. 11. 28) – to punish any one with death.

supplicium sumere de aliquo– to execute the death-sentence on a person.

supplicio (capitis) affici– to suffer capital punishment.

ad palum deligare (Liv. 2. 5) – to bind to the stake.

virgis caedere– to beat with rods.

securi percutere, ferire aliquem– to execute a person, cut off his head.

in crucem agere, tollere aliquem– to crucify.

cruci suffigere aliquem– to crucify.

impune fecisse, tulisse aliquid– to go unpunished.

impunitum aliquem dimittere– to let a person go scot-free.

mortem ²⁸⁴ deprecari (B. G. 7. 40. 6) – to beg for life.

XVI. War

1. Levies – Military Oath – Armies in General

aetas militaris– military age.

qui arma ferre possunt or iuventus– men of military age.

qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles– men exempt from service owing to age.

exercitum conficere (Imp. Pomp. 21. 61) – to raise an army.

milites (exercitum) scribere, conscribere– to levy troops.

dilectum habere– to hold a levy.

imperare milites civitatibus– to compel communities to provide troops.

nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri– to enlist oneself.

ad nomen non respondere (Liv. 7. 4) – to fail to answer one's name.

militiam (only in the sing.) capessere– to take service in the army.

militiam detrectare, subterfugere– to try to avoid military service.

excusare morbum, valetudinem– to plead ill-health as an excuse for absence.

militiae vacationem habere– to be excused military duty.

equo, pedibus merere (Liv. 27. 11) – to serve in the cavalry, infantry.

sacramentum (o) dicere (vid. sect. XI. 2, note sacramentum…) – to take the military oath.

milites sacramento rogare, adigere– to make soldiers take the military oath.

evocare undique copias– to call up troops from all sides.

evocati, voluntarii (B. G. 5. 56) – the volunteers.

omnes ad arma convocare– to issue a general call to arms.

efficere duas legiones– to form two legions.

complere legiones (B. C. 1. 25) – to fill up the numbers of the legions.

supplementum cogere, scribere, legere– to levy recruits to fill up the strength.

auxilia ²⁸⁵ arcessere– to summon auxiliary troops.

copias (arma) cum aliquo iungere or se cum aliquo iungere– to join forces with some one.

conducere, contrahere copias– to concentrate troops.

cogere omnes copias in unum locum– to concentrate all the troops at one point.

parare exercitum, copias– to equip an army, troops.

alere exercitum (Off. 1. 8. 25) – to support an army.

recensere, lustrare, recognoscere exercitum (Liv. 42. 31) – to review an army.

dimittere exercitum– to disband an army.

commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere) – to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers.

magnae copiae (not multae) – a large force, many troops.

exiguae copiae (Fam. 3. 3. 2) – a small force.

ingens, maximus exercitus (not numerosus) – a numerous army.

robora peditum– the flower of the infantry.

milites levis armaturae– light infantry.

vetus miles, veteranus miles– veterans; experienced troops.

qui magnum in castris usum habent– veterans; experienced troops.

expeditus (opp. impeditus) miles– a soldier lightly armed, ready for battle.

exercitatus in armis– practised in arms.

milites tumultuarii ²⁸⁶ (opp. exercitus iustus) (Liv. 35. 2) – soldiers collected in haste; irregulars.

tirones– recruits.

2. Pay – Service – Commissariat

stipendium ²⁸⁷ dare, numerare, persolvere militibus– to pay the troops.

stipendia facere, merere– to serve.

emeritis stipendiis (Sall. Iug. 84. 2) – after having completed one's service.

militia functum, perfunctum esse– to retire from service.

rude donatum esse ²⁸⁸ (Phil. 2. 29) – to retire from service.

milites mercennarii or exercitus conducticius– mercenary troops.

rem frumentariam comparare, providere– to look after the commissariat.

rei frumentariae prospicere (B. G. 1. 23) – to look after the commissariat.

frumentum providere exercitui– to provide corn-supplies for the troops.

frumenti vim maximam comparare– to procure a very large supply of corn.

intercludere commeatum– to cut off the supplies, intercept them.

intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu– to cut off all supplies of the enemy.

3. Command – Discipline

praeficere aliquem exercitui– to place some one at the head of an army, give him the command.

praeficere aliquem bello gerendo– to charge some one with the conduct of a war.

praeesse exercitui– to be at the head of an army.

magnum usum in re militari habere (Sest. 5. 12) – to possess great experience in military matters.

rei militaris rudem esse– to have had no experience in war.

vir fortissimus– a hero.

magnas res gerere– to perform heroic exploits.

res fortiter feliciterque gesta– a success; a glorious feat of arms.

res bene gesta– a success; a glorious feat of arms.

res gestae ²⁸⁹– exploits in war; brilliant actions.

summa belli, imperii (B. G. 2. 4. 7) – the command-in-chief.

cum imperio esse– to hold a high command.

imperii summam tenere (Rep. 2. 28) – to be commander-in-chief.

imperii summae praeesse– to be commander-in-chief.

imperii summam deferre alicui or ad aliquem, tradere alicui– to appoint some one commander-in-chief.

imperium transfertur ad aliquem (not transit) – the command is transferred, passes to some one.

imperium alicui abrogare (Off.3. 10) – to depose a person from his command.

modestia ²⁹⁰ (opp. immodestia) – discipline (insubordination).

dicto audientem esse alicui– to obey a person's orders.

milites disciplina coercere– to keep good discipline amongst one's men.

milites coercere et in officio continere (B. C. 1. 67. 4) – to keep good discipline amongst one's men.

4. Weapons

arma capere, sumere– to take up one's arms.

arma expedire (Tusc. 2. 16. 37) – to make ready for battle.

galeam induere– to put on one's helmet.

armis (castris) exuere aliquem– to disarm a person.

arma ponere (not deponere) – to pile arms (cf. sect. XII. 3, note vestem deponere…).

ab armis discedere (Phil. 11. 33) – to lay down arms.

in armis esse– to be under arms.

cum telo esse– to be armed.

extorquere arma e manibus– to wrest weapons from some one's hands.

res ad arma venit– matters have reached the fighting-stage.

tela iacere, conicere, mittere– to discharge missiles.

extra teli iactum, coniectum esse– to be out of range.

ad teli coniectum venire (Liv. 2. 31) – to come within javelin-range.

se obicere telis– to expose oneself to missiles.

eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti– to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters.

gladium educere (e vagīna)– to draw one's sword (from the scabbard).

gladium in vaginam recondere– to sheath one's sword.

gladium stringere, destringere– to draw one's sword.

gladium alicui in pectus infigere– to plunge one's sword in some one's breast.

gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46) – to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword.

sicam, cultrum in corde alicuius defigere ²⁹¹ (Liv. 1. 58) – to plunge a dagger, knife in some one's heart.

decurrere (in armis)– to manœuvre.

vi et armis– by force of arms.

5. War

bellum parare– to make preparations for war.

apparatus (rare in plur.) belli– preparations for war; war-material.

bellum indīcere, denuntiare– to make formal declaration of war.

res repetere (ab aliquo) (Off. 1. 11. 36) – to demand satisfaction, restitution.

res reddere (alicui) (cf. sect. V. 11) – to make restitution.

bellum iustum (pium)– a regular, formal war.

bellum intestinum, domesticum (opp. bellum externum) – a civil war.

bellum facere, movere, excitare– to cause a war.

bellum conflare (Fam. 5. 2. 8) – to kindle a war.

bellum moliri– to meditate war.

bellum incipere, belli initium facere (B. G. 7. 1. 5) – to commence hostilities.

bello se interponere (Liv. 35. 48) – to interfere in a war.

bello implicari– to be involved in a war.

bellum cum aliquo inire– to begin a war with some one.

bellum impendet, imminet, instat– a war is imminent.

bellum oritur, exardescit– war breaks out.

omnia bello flagrant or ardent (Fam. 4. 1. 2) – everywhere the torch of war is flaming.

bellum gerere cum aliquo– to make war on a person.

bellum coniungere (Imp. Pomp. 9. 26) – to wage war in conjunction with some one.

bellum ducere, trahere, extrahere– to protract, prolong a war.

omni studio in (ad) bellum incumbere– to carry on a war energetically.

bellum inferre alicui (Att. 9. 1. 3) – to invade.

bellum or arma ultro inferre– to be the aggressor in a war; to act on the offensive.

bellum (inlatum) defendere– to act on the defensive.

proficisci ad bellum, in expeditionem (Sall. Iug. 103) – to go to war, commence a campaign.

mittere ad bellum– to send to the war.

bellum administrare– to have the control of the war.

bello persequi aliquem, lacessere– to harass with war.

belli finem facere, bellum finire– to put an end to war.

bellum conficere, perficere– to terminate a war (by force of arms and defeat of one's opponents).

bellum componere (Fam. 10. 33) – to terminate a war (by a treaty, etc.)

bellum transferre alio, in…– to transfer the seat of war elsewhere.

belli sedes (Liv. 4. 31) – the seat of war, theatre of operations.

rationem belli gerendi mutare (Liv. 32. 31) – to change one's tactics.